After more than a decade of combating smoky wildfires in British Columbia, Kyler Gaulin says being on the front line has taken a toll on his body.
“It’s a job we love … but I notice, at the end of the season, my lungs are definitely not nearly as strong as at the start,” the Pemberton, B.C., wildfire fighter said.
“We’re working in a lot of very fine dust, a lot of smoke, a lot of ash.”
In recent years devastating fires have burned in all corners of the province as thousands of firefighters inhale wildfire smoke with little protection. But new research aims to shed light on how those conditions are impacting firefighters’ respiratory health.
The B.C. Wildfire Services (BCWS), in collaboration with the University of British Columbia, is embarking on what they’re considering “groundbreaking” research, looking at the respiratory health of wildland firefighters.
“We don’t know a lot about how their vessels are reacting or not reacting to wildfire smoke,” said Madden Brewster, postdoctoral research fellow at UBC’s Okanagan campus.
Researchers will track firefighters’ cardiorespiratory systems over the next two years collecting data before, during and after the fire season — something Brewster says “hasn’t really been done before.”
Many use nothing except bandanas to cover their noses and mouths, according to occupational hygienist Drew Lichty.
He says wildfire smoke contains a hazardous mixture of gases, pollutants and pieces of debris that are invisible to the naked eye.
“[Some] refer to it as a toxic soup of chemicals.”
Such microscopic particles — which can be narrower than a strand of human hair — can find their way into the lungs and bloodstream, Lichty says.
The B.C. Wildfire Service will offer a selection of masks and respiratory devices to its firefighters for the first time this year, as it prepares for a smoky fire season.
In June 2022, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified firefighting as a known human carcinogen, stating firefighters have a 14 per cent higher risk of dying from cancer than the general public. In Canada, more than 85 per cent of firefighter fatality claims are attributed to cancer.
Even amid mounting evidence that breathing smoke can cause deadly diseases, Lichty says right now, there’s little to no research of the effects of wildfire smoke on the long-term health of wildland firefighters.
As the 2024 fire season begins, researchers are taking firefighters’ blood samples and carrying out lung function tests to determine baseline measurements.
As the season progresses, Pemberton’s wildland firefighters will be sent out into the fray equipped with air quality monitoring devices like gas detectors, which will measure carbon monoxide and air sampling pumps to detect particulates.
Gaulin, who is one of the research participants, says an in-depth look into the health of wildland firefighters is long overdue.
“These studies are super important obviously … unfortunately, it’s taken a couple busy years to get recognition of how serious the wildfires are becoming,” he said.
Respiratory masks
As part of UBC’s research, BCWS is also testing some masks, including multiple models of half-face dual cartridge respirators, which would enhance breathability and filter harmful particulates and gases.
Emily Bennington, a second-year initial attack firefighter, said the masks were “constrictive.
Madden Brewster and her team from UBC Okanagan have started a two-year project where they’ll be monitoring the health and physiology of B.C. wildland firefighters over the course of a fire season.
“I see the benefit of it, but I think practically, I would find it hard to work with.”
Mike McCulley, procurement officer at BCWS, says finding the perfect mask for a wildland firefighter is tricky.
“If you picture a firefighter fighting a structure fire in a house, they have the luxury of being able to [carry] large masks, oxygen tanks. That’s not the reality for wildland firefighters,” he said, noting that they often work in difficult terrain.
“We are trying to make sure we’re using the best [equipment].”
He says BCWS is procuring enough masks to outfit more than 1,600 firefighters it has employed this year, but they aren’t mandatory.
Wildland firefighter and occupational hygienist Drew Lichty shows off one of three respiratory devices that will be offered to B.C. wildland firefighters this upcoming fire season.
The federal government says Canada is at risk of another devastating wildfire season, after an unusually warm winter. More than 70 fires are already burning across the country, primarily in northern B.C., northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories, officials said.
In the meantime, wildland firefighters Gaulin and Bennington hope the ongoing research will soon provide them with necessary insights to confront the unseen enemy threatening their heath and livelihood.
“I’m definitely excited to see how my health changes over a season, and my coworkers as well,” Bennington said. “That would be very useful information to have.”
