Blood sugar control
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In the early 2000s, Johnston, who had been studying how certain diets could help manage Type 2 diabetes, came across a study from 1988 showing that acetic acid could lower blood sugar spikes in rats after they were given a starch solution.
She was intrigued and decided to test the idea in people with Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Since then, Johnston and other researchers have found in small limited studies that drinking one to two tablespoons of apple cider or other types of vinegar mixed with water just before high-carbohydrate meals resulted in less drastic blood sugar spikes than meals without vinegar did.
Some studies suggest that vinegar may slow the movement of food through the digestive tract and interfere with certain enzymes that break carbohydrates down into simple sugars, resulting in lower blood sugar spikes.
But more research is needed to show that apple cider vinegar is safe and beneficial for long-term use, says Paul Gill, a researcher at Monash University in Australia.
Weight loss
Several small, short-term studies in adults who were classified as overweight or obese have found associations between apple cider vinegar and weight loss.
In a 2009 study of 155 adults in Japan, for instance, researchers found that those who drank two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in water every day for three months lost about 1.8 kilograms. And in one 2024 trial of 120 people ages 12 to 25 in Lebanon, researchers reported that those who took 1 tablespoon of apple cider vinegar with water each morning for three months lost an average of 16.8 kilograms.
But the one study that tracked participants after they stopped taking apple cider vinegar found that, on average, they regained most of the weight within a month. And just as many studies on similar groups of people have found no links to weight loss.
Given the lack of robust data and the short time frames of the studies, Beth Czerwony, a dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic, says that she did not recommend that her patients use apple cider vinegar for weight loss.
If vinegar does indeed help people lose weight, it may do so by slowing digestion, which can make you feel fuller for longer, she says.
Animal research has also shown that acetic acid can reduce the accumulation of fat in certain tissues and may help increase the secretion of hormones that signal fullness. So while the evidence in humans is mixed, it’s plausible that vinegar could help with weight loss, Damman says.
Gut health
Tamara Duker Freuman, a dietitian in New York City who specialises in digestive conditions, says that many of her patients remark that drinking apple cider vinegar before or after meals reduces their symptoms of acid reflux.
“I believe them,” she says. But, she noted, “hundreds of other patients with horrible reflux” have said that vinegar worsened their symptoms.
Unfortunately, there’s no good research on vinegar and digestive health, says Dr Nitin K. Ahuja, a gastroenterologist at Penn Medicine.
People who use vinegar to treat reflux, which is commonly caused by stomach acid escaping into the esophagus, say that the acid from the vinegar prompts the stomach to produce less acid, Ahuja says. But, he adds, there’s no supportive data, and “mechanistically, it doesn’t make sense” that adding acid to the stomach will somehow help to control it.
Studies performed in petri dishes suggest that apple cider vinegar can kill certain microbes, which could potentially create gut microbiome changes that might reduce bloating, Ahuja says. But again, he adds, this has not been studied in humans.
If you have frequent or severe reflux symptoms, get treatment from a doctor, he says.
Skin conditions
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Applying dilute apple cider vinegar to the skin has long been used as a home remedy for eczema, Dr Lydia Luu, a dermatologist at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, says. And after several patients asked about such a treatment, she and her colleagues decided to test it.
In their 2019 study, the researchers asked 22 participants, half of whom had eczema, to soak one arm in tap water and one arm in dilute apple cider vinegar for 10 minutes per day for two weeks. Afterward, there were no differences between the participants’ skin in terms of its pH, microbes or its ability to retain moisture – all of which are typically altered in eczema. Sixteen of the study participants reported symptoms like mild burning or itching, mostly on the arm treated with vinegar; one developed severe itching, moderate burning and a small sore; and another developed a raised rash.
Apple cider vinegar “is not very helpful for eczema, unfortunately,” Luu says – and could make your symptoms worse.
Some of Luu’s patients “swear by” apple cider vinegar for wart removal, and TikTok is teeming with videos suggesting such a treatment for acne or dark spots or to remove skin tags. But there aren’t good studies about these uses, Luu says, and apple cider vinegar can cause chemical burns and skin scarring.
Is it safe to try?
Consuming apple cider vinegar, even when diluted, can interact with certain medications, including some drugs for diabetes and the heart, as well as diuretics. Apple cider vinegar may also lower blood potassium, which can be a problem for those who already have low levels, Czerwony says. So check with your doctor before trying it, she says.
The same advice goes for using apple cider vinegar on your skin, Luu says. A primary care doctor or dermatologist can likely recommend safer, more effective treatments.
If you want to use vinegar to control your blood sugar, Johnston suggests diluting one or two tablespoons of any type of vinegar into water and drinking, but don’t exceed two to four tablespoons in a day. Even when diluted, vinegar can erode tooth enamel, so she recommended drinking the vinegar with a straw.
If you drink it undiluted, you run the risk of corroding your esophagus lining too, Ahuja says.
Don’t just take a shot of it, Johnston adds.
A safer and tastier approach, Damman suggests, is to use apple cider vinegar in your cooking. Mix it into a vinaigrette or sushi rice, pair with olive oil as a dip for bread, or incorporate it into a refreshing fizzy drink. If there are any health benefits to be reaped, he says, you’ll likely get them this way, too.
The New York Times
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