From symptoms to treatment and the need for accessible care – Firstpost

In 2012, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer and the Forum of International Respiratory Societies established that August 1 would be recognised annually as World Lung Cancer Day. This observance aims to increase awareness about lung cancer and promote healthier lifestyle choices to mitigate the risk. Every year since then, August 1 has been dedicated to this cause.

This year, World Lung Cancer Day focuses on the theme ‘Close the Care Gap: Everyone Deserves Access to Cancer Care’, emphasising the need for equitable healthcare access for all individuals affected by cancer.

Lung cancer is primarily classified into two categories: non-small cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer. On World Lung Cancer Day, discussions revolve around understanding the risks associated with lung cancer, offering prevention advice, suggesting lifestyle changes and exploring treatment options. The importance of early detection is highlighted to educate people about lung cancer risks. This day also provides a platform for communities to unite in finding ways to make cancer treatments more accessible and affordable worldwide.

In an insightful conversation with Firstpost, Dr. Aravind Badiger, Technical Director at BDR Pharmaceuticals, shares practical advice on identifying symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures for lung cancer.

What is lung cancer, and why is it important to be aware of its symptoms and prevention strategies?

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the lungs, primarily affecting the cells lining the air passages. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Awareness of its symptoms and prevention strategies is crucial because early detection and intervention can significantly improve the prognosis and survival rates. Recognising symptoms early allows for timely medical intervention potentially leading to better treatment outcomes and improved quality of life.

What are the early symptoms of lung cancer that individuals should be aware of?

Early symptoms of lung cancer are often subtle and can be mistaken for other respiratory conditions. Key symptoms to watch for include:

• Persistent cough that does not go away

• Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum

• Shortness of breath

• Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing

• Hoarseness

• Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite

• Fatigue

• Recurring infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia

How can one differentiate between common respiratory symptoms and potential signs of lung cancer?

Differentiating between common respiratory symptoms and potential signs of lung cancer involves paying attention to the persistence and combination of symptoms. For example, a chronic cough that lasts more than a few weeks, especially if accompanied by blood in the sputum, unexplained weight loss, or chest pain, should prompt a visit to a healthcare professional. Unlike typical respiratory infections that improve with standard treatments, lung cancer symptoms persist and may progressively worsen.

How do treatment plans vary based on the stage and type of lung cancer?

Treatment plans for lung cancer depend on the type (non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC)) and the stage of the disease. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery: Often used in early-stage NSCLC to remove the tumour.

• Radiation Therapy: Targets and kills cancer cells in a specific area, useful for both early and advanced stages.

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body often used for SCLC and advanced NSCLC.

• Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific genetic mutations driving cancer growth, applicable for certain NSCLC patients.

• Immunotherapy: Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells, increasingly used for advanced lung cancer.

What are the potential side effects and challenges associated with lung cancer treatments?

Lung cancer treatments can have various side effects and challenges, including:

• Surgery: Risk of infection, pain, and complications related to anesthesia.

• Radiation Therapy: Fatigue, skin changes, and damage to nearby organs.

• Chemotherapy: Nausea, vomiting, hair loss and increased risk of infection.

• Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Skin rashes, diarrhea, and potential autoimmune reactions.

Managing these side effects often requires supportive care and close monitoring by healthcare professionals.

What role do regular screenings and early detection play in lung cancer prevention?

Regular screenings, especially for high-risk individuals (e.g., long-term smokers), play a crucial role in early detection of lung cancer. Low-dose CT scans can help detect lung cancer at an early, more treatable stage, significantly improving survival rates. Early detection allows for timely and potentially less aggressive treatment, which can lead to better outcomes and reduced mortality.

What lifestyle changes and habits can contribute to lower lung cancer risk?

Several lifestyle changes and habits can help lower the risk of lung cancer:

• Quitting Smoking: The most significant risk factor for lung cancer.

• Avoiding Secondhand Smoke: Reduces exposure to harmful chemicals.

• Healthy Diet: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may provide protective nutrients.

• Regular Exercise: Helps maintain overall health and may reduce cancer risk.

• Avoiding Exposure to Carcinogens: Such as radon, asbestos, and other industrial pollutants.

How does genetics play a role in lung cancer risk and treatment?

Genetics can influence an individual’s susceptibility to lung cancer and response to treatment. Certain genetic mutations such as those in the EGFR or ALK genes, can make individuals more prone to developing lung cancer. Genetic testing can also guide personalised treatment plans, improving efficacy and minimizing side effects. Understanding genetic predispositions helps tailor prevention strategies and treatment options to the individual.

What are the emerging trends in lung cancer research and innovative treatment approaches?

Emerging trends in lung cancer research include:

• Liquid Biopsies: Non-invasive tests to detect cancer markers in blood, providing early detection and monitoring.

• Advanced Imaging Techniques: For better detection and monitoring.

• Personalised Medicine: Tailoring treatments based on genetic profiles.

• Combination Therapies: Using multiple treatments to improve outcomes.

• Novel Drug Development: New drugs targeting specific cancer pathways, offering hope for better management and potential cures.

What psychological and emotional support resources are available for lung cancer patients and their families?

Psychological and emotional support is crucial for lung cancer patients and their families. Resources include:

• Support Groups: Provide a platform for sharing experiences and advice.

• Counseling Services: Offer professional mental health support.

• Patient Education Programmes: Help patients understand their condition and treatment options.

• Palliative Care: Focuses on improving quality of life and managing symptoms.

Access to comprehensive support resources can alleviate the emotional burden and improve the overall well-being of patients and their families.

How does lung cancer impact different demographics, such as age, gender and ethnicity?

Lung cancer impacts various demographics differently. For example:

• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly in individuals over 65.

• Gender: Historically, men have had higher rates, but the gap is narrowing as smoking rates among women rise.

• Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups may have higher or lower incidence rates due to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Understanding these demographic variations helps in tailoring public health strategies and treatment approaches to specific populations.

How can technology and digital health tools assist in lung cancer management and patient support?

Technology and digital health tools can assist in lung cancer management by:

• Telemedicine: Facilitating remote consultations and follow-ups.

• Mobile Apps: Tracking symptoms and medication adherence.

• Wearable Devices: Monitoring health metrics such as lung function.

• Artificial Intelligence: Analyzing medical data to identify patterns and predict outcomes.

These tools enhance patient engagement, improve adherence to treatment plans, and allow for more personalised and proactive care.

What are the economic implications of lung cancer for patients, healthcare systems, and society at large?

Lung cancer has significant economic implications, including:

• High Treatment Costs: Due to prolonged and complex therapies.

• Loss of Productivity: Patients may be unable to work during treatment.

• Healthcare Burden: Increased demand on healthcare systems.

• Indirect Costs: Travel, caregiving, and supportive care expenses.

Addressing the economic burden requires comprehensive healthcare policies and support systems to assist patients and their families.

What are the potential challenges and considerations in palliative care for lung cancer patients?

Palliative care for lung cancer patients focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Challenges include:

• Symptom Management: Controlling pain, breathlessness, and fatigue.

• Emotional Support: Addressing psychological distress.

• Care Coordination: Ensuring seamless communication among care teams.

• Advance Care Planning: Helping patients make informed decisions about their care preferences.

Effective palliative care involves a multidisciplinary approach to address the complex needs of lung cancer patients and their families.

In conclusion, lung cancer is a multifaceted disease that requires a comprehensive approach to management and prevention. By staying informed about symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures, individuals can take proactive steps towards better lung health. The pharmaceutical industry continues to play a critical role in advancing research and developing innovative treatments to improve outcomes for lung cancer patients.